Nutrient sensing pathways are essential for cellular and systemic energy homeostasis. These pathways are able to detect and respond to nutrient availability to modify physiological functions, including metabolism, growth, and energy expenditure. There are multiple important nutrient sensors in the body, including the mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) pathway and AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) signaling, both of which regulate functions like glucose metabolism, lipid synthesis, and protein turnover. Alterations in nutrient sensing pathways have been associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic dysfunction, highlighting their vital role in metabolic health. The efficiency and organization of nutrient sensing in the body can provide the basis for potential interventions targeting obesity, metabolic syndrome, and other related diseases. Research on nutrient sensing also focuses on understanding the relationship between diet, hormonal signaling, and cellular metabolism through the lens of precision nutrition and metabolic intervention.
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